The Earth’s Electrical Surface Potential
A summary of present understanding
(January 2007)
by Gaetan Chavalier, PhD,
Director of Research, California Institute for Human Science,
Graduate School & Research Center, Encinitas, CA
"An explanation of the forces that drive the electrical activity on the earth´s surface..."
pdf-Download
http://www.earthinginstitute.net/commen ... urface.pdf
Handymania distanziert sich vom Begriff "earthing".
Das "Summary" hat damit auch nichts zu tun, sondern ist eine gute Übersicht zu den elektrischen Kräften in der Natur.
Symposium zu Abnormalitäten an Bäumen, ist EMF eine Ursache?
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Handymania
Plants specific electrical properties
Check your email with a tap on your houseplant
Hal Hodson, technology reporter
"It's hard to interact with plants - they aren't exactly known for their active social lives. But a new technique, developed by researchers at Disney research labs in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, does at least let us track our interactions with them through one sense - touch.
Separate parts of a plant like the stem and the leaves have their own specific electrical properties. This means different frequencies of electricity take unique paths through a plant. By watching the changes in the amplitude of specific frequencies in an applied current, Ivan Poupyrev and a team of Disney researchers were able to figure out where a plant was touched (see video above).
At the SIGGRAPH conference in Los Angeles, California, the group used this property to turn plants into controllers for audio and visual effects, using the frequency drops that result from different parts of the plant being touched to control the effects.
Thinking creatively - and I'm just speculating here - the technique may also be useful for monitoring large trees which are in danger of falling into buildings; the frequency pattern returned to the device should change as a tree's roots gradually loosen. Or if you get bored of clicking a mouse all day, you could just program a friendly houseplant to check your emails with the squeeze of a leaf."
http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/onepe ... ap-on.html
Hal Hodson, technology reporter
"It's hard to interact with plants - they aren't exactly known for their active social lives. But a new technique, developed by researchers at Disney research labs in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, does at least let us track our interactions with them through one sense - touch.
Separate parts of a plant like the stem and the leaves have their own specific electrical properties. This means different frequencies of electricity take unique paths through a plant. By watching the changes in the amplitude of specific frequencies in an applied current, Ivan Poupyrev and a team of Disney researchers were able to figure out where a plant was touched (see video above).
At the SIGGRAPH conference in Los Angeles, California, the group used this property to turn plants into controllers for audio and visual effects, using the frequency drops that result from different parts of the plant being touched to control the effects.
Thinking creatively - and I'm just speculating here - the technique may also be useful for monitoring large trees which are in danger of falling into buildings; the frequency pattern returned to the device should change as a tree's roots gradually loosen. Or if you get bored of clicking a mouse all day, you could just program a friendly houseplant to check your emails with the squeeze of a leaf."
http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/onepe ... ap-on.html
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Handymania
Aspekte der Ladung von pflanzlichen Zellmembranen, hervorgerufen durch äußere elektrische Feld-Pulse / Aspects of plant plasmalemma charging induced by external electric field pulses.
Berghoefer T, Flickinger B, Frey W.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology; Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
Abstract
The charging of the plasmalemma is a necessary condition for permeabilization of the plasma membrane (electroporation) in response to external electric field exposure. Common theories explain this permeabilization by formation of pores in the lipid bilayer. Using pulsed laser fluorescence microscopy, we measured the charging process of the membrane during the application of an external electric field with a temporal resolution of 5 ns. Visualization of the charging process of protoplasts plasma membrane (Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow 2) was achieved by staining of the plasma membrane with the voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye ANNINE-6. Measurements on membranes exhibiting negligible membrane permeabilization confirm the sine-shaped azimuthal distribution of the membrane voltage predicted by the relation of Cole.
At higher membrane voltages, enhanced pore formation allows for the exchange of charge carriers, leading to deviations from the sine-shaped curve progression, i.e., a saturation of the membrane voltage at membrane segments facing the electrodes. Additionally, measurements on protoplasts exposed to multiple successive pulses indicate, that the recovery of the membrane seems to be a fast process, occurring within seconds after termination of the external electric field pulse.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22499207
Effect of Mobile Phone Radiations on Morphological and Biochemical Parameters of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Seedlings
http://maxwellsci.com/print/ajas/v4-149-152.pdf
Berghoefer T, Flickinger B, Frey W.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology; Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
Abstract
The charging of the plasmalemma is a necessary condition for permeabilization of the plasma membrane (electroporation) in response to external electric field exposure. Common theories explain this permeabilization by formation of pores in the lipid bilayer. Using pulsed laser fluorescence microscopy, we measured the charging process of the membrane during the application of an external electric field with a temporal resolution of 5 ns. Visualization of the charging process of protoplasts plasma membrane (Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow 2) was achieved by staining of the plasma membrane with the voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye ANNINE-6. Measurements on membranes exhibiting negligible membrane permeabilization confirm the sine-shaped azimuthal distribution of the membrane voltage predicted by the relation of Cole.
At higher membrane voltages, enhanced pore formation allows for the exchange of charge carriers, leading to deviations from the sine-shaped curve progression, i.e., a saturation of the membrane voltage at membrane segments facing the electrodes. Additionally, measurements on protoplasts exposed to multiple successive pulses indicate, that the recovery of the membrane seems to be a fast process, occurring within seconds after termination of the external electric field pulse.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22499207
Effect of Mobile Phone Radiations on Morphological and Biochemical Parameters of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Seedlings
http://maxwellsci.com/print/ajas/v4-149-152.pdf
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Handymania
Power Lines & Crops
Effects of electromagnetic field of 33 and 275 kV influences on physiological, biochemical and antioxidant system changes of leaf mustard
(Brassica chinensis) - Aug. 2012
Maziah, M.1*, Ooi, B. B.1, Tengku, M.2 and Sreeramanan, S.1,3
1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
"The wide range of results obtained from the effects of electromagnetic field from different power lines sources on leaf mustard suggest that the effects of electro-magnetic field on crop are dynamic, as many factors play a role in the amount of electromagnetic field received by the crop. However, a common resemblance in the results obtained shows that it is unlikely for extremely damage or protein banding changes to plant tissues or cells to appear, instead, there are possibilities of accelerated growth to emerge due to increased chlorophyll and protein content."
http://www.academicjournals.org/Ajb/PDF ... t%20al.pdf
Electromagnetic Field Impacts on Crops
"The research, conducted by S. Somasekaran through the Madurai Kamaraj University in India, studied the effects of overhead high voltage power line 230 kilovolt and 110 kilovolt EMFs on four selected crops....
The author concluded that overhead high voltage power line EMFs cause stress in these crop plants which negatively affects production, leading to economic loss.
....
Somasekaran also studied the effects of high voltage power line EMFs on natural vegetation, and found the number of herbaceous species, the number of taxonomic families and the herb diversity indices were all higher in a natural control forest than in a forest under high voltage transmission lines.
Results of this research can most certainly be extrapolated to other cultivated crop and natural vegetation species around the world. One would expect that farmers and forest harvest companies would be concerned about such economic losses associated with overhead high voltage power lines. Buried power lines would cause no such losses."
http://retasite.wordpress.com/2011/06/2 ... -on-crops/
(Brassica chinensis) - Aug. 2012
Maziah, M.1*, Ooi, B. B.1, Tengku, M.2 and Sreeramanan, S.1,3
1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
"The wide range of results obtained from the effects of electromagnetic field from different power lines sources on leaf mustard suggest that the effects of electro-magnetic field on crop are dynamic, as many factors play a role in the amount of electromagnetic field received by the crop. However, a common resemblance in the results obtained shows that it is unlikely for extremely damage or protein banding changes to plant tissues or cells to appear, instead, there are possibilities of accelerated growth to emerge due to increased chlorophyll and protein content."
http://www.academicjournals.org/Ajb/PDF ... t%20al.pdf
Electromagnetic Field Impacts on Crops
"The research, conducted by S. Somasekaran through the Madurai Kamaraj University in India, studied the effects of overhead high voltage power line 230 kilovolt and 110 kilovolt EMFs on four selected crops....
The author concluded that overhead high voltage power line EMFs cause stress in these crop plants which negatively affects production, leading to economic loss.
....
Somasekaran also studied the effects of high voltage power line EMFs on natural vegetation, and found the number of herbaceous species, the number of taxonomic families and the herb diversity indices were all higher in a natural control forest than in a forest under high voltage transmission lines.
Results of this research can most certainly be extrapolated to other cultivated crop and natural vegetation species around the world. One would expect that farmers and forest harvest companies would be concerned about such economic losses associated with overhead high voltage power lines. Buried power lines would cause no such losses."
http://retasite.wordpress.com/2011/06/2 ... -on-crops/
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Handymania
Elektroschocks machen Süßkartoffeln gesünder
Von Jan Oliver Löfken
"Stromfluss steigert Anteil an Antioxidantien um bis zu 60 Prozent
....
Dazu legte er zusammen mit seinen Kollegen Süßkartoffeln der Art Ipomoea batatas für zwei Minuten in salziges Wasser. Danach setzten sie die Flüssigkeit für fünf Minuten unter Strom.
Ab einem Stromfluss von 200 Milliampere standen die Knollen offenbar unter Stress und produzierten zusätzliche Antioxidantien. So stieg der Anteil an Polyphenolen um bis zu 60 Prozent im Vergleich zu unbehandelten Süßkartoffeln.
....
http://www.wissenschaft-aktuell.de/arti ... 88649.html
Original:
http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/244nm/pro ... 706&terms=
Leider erfährt man nicht, was mit dem Antioxidationssystem der Süßkartoffel bei 300mA (s. Original) oder mehr passierte.
"Stromfluss steigert Anteil an Antioxidantien um bis zu 60 Prozent
....
Dazu legte er zusammen mit seinen Kollegen Süßkartoffeln der Art Ipomoea batatas für zwei Minuten in salziges Wasser. Danach setzten sie die Flüssigkeit für fünf Minuten unter Strom.
Ab einem Stromfluss von 200 Milliampere standen die Knollen offenbar unter Stress und produzierten zusätzliche Antioxidantien. So stieg der Anteil an Polyphenolen um bis zu 60 Prozent im Vergleich zu unbehandelten Süßkartoffeln.
....
http://www.wissenschaft-aktuell.de/arti ... 88649.html
Original:
http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/244nm/pro ... 706&terms=
Leider erfährt man nicht, was mit dem Antioxidationssystem der Süßkartoffel bei 300mA (s. Original) oder mehr passierte.
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Handymania
Structural evidence for electromagnetic resonance in plant
Biosystems. 2012 Sep;109(3):367-80. Epub 2012 Feb 4.
Structural evidence for electromagnetic resonance in plant morphogenesis
Pietak AM.
Dept. of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Abstract
How a homogeneous collective of cells consistently and precisely establishes long-range tissue patterns remains a question of active research. This work explores the hypothesis of plant organs as resonators for electromagnetic radiation. Long-range structural patterns in the developing ovaries and male flower buds of cucurbit plants (zucchini, acorn, and butternut squash), in addition to mature cucurbit fruits (acorn, butternut, and zucchini squash; watermelon, and cucumber), were investigated. A finite element analysis (FEA) model was used to determine resonant EM modes for models with similar geometric and electrical parameters to those of developing organs. Main features of the developing ovaries (i.e. shape of placental lines, ovum location, definition of distinct tissue regions), male flower buds (i.e. early pollen tube features), and mature fruits (i.e. septa placement, seed location, endocarp and mesocarp) showed distinct correlations with electric and magnetic field components of electromagnetic resonant modes. On account of shared pattern signatures in developing organs and the EM resonant modes supported by a modelled structure with similar geometric and electrical properties to those of cucurbit organs, experimental investigations are warranted. The concept of a developing organ as an EM dielectric resonator may extend to a variety of morphogenetic phenomena in a number of living systems.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22326259
Structural evidence for electromagnetic resonance in plant morphogenesis
Pietak AM.
Dept. of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Abstract
How a homogeneous collective of cells consistently and precisely establishes long-range tissue patterns remains a question of active research. This work explores the hypothesis of plant organs as resonators for electromagnetic radiation. Long-range structural patterns in the developing ovaries and male flower buds of cucurbit plants (zucchini, acorn, and butternut squash), in addition to mature cucurbit fruits (acorn, butternut, and zucchini squash; watermelon, and cucumber), were investigated. A finite element analysis (FEA) model was used to determine resonant EM modes for models with similar geometric and electrical parameters to those of developing organs. Main features of the developing ovaries (i.e. shape of placental lines, ovum location, definition of distinct tissue regions), male flower buds (i.e. early pollen tube features), and mature fruits (i.e. septa placement, seed location, endocarp and mesocarp) showed distinct correlations with electric and magnetic field components of electromagnetic resonant modes. On account of shared pattern signatures in developing organs and the EM resonant modes supported by a modelled structure with similar geometric and electrical properties to those of cucurbit organs, experimental investigations are warranted. The concept of a developing organ as an EM dielectric resonator may extend to a variety of morphogenetic phenomena in a number of living systems.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22326259
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Handymania
Bohnenwachstum & 60 Hz Frequenz & 2 versch. Magnetfe
In folgendem Versuch wuchsen Mungbohnen schneller bei einer Frequenz von 60 Hz in einem sinusförmigen Magnetfeld (MF); dennoch traten hierbei nicht näher beschriebene Schäden auf. Eine Ursache des erhöhten Wachstums: Die 60 Hz Frequenz scheint in der Nähe der eigenen natürlichen Frequenz (in den Zellen) von Mungbohnen zu liegen.
Ein 60 Hz gepulstes Magnetfeld dagegen verhinderte das Wachstum.
Subjektives Fazit: Die Frequenz scheint einen hohen Einfluss auf das Pflanzenwachstum zu haben.
The Effects of 60Hz Magnetic Fields on Plant Growth
Hsin-Hsiung Huang and Show-Ran Wang
Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, R.O.C.
Nature and Science 2007.
Discussion and Conclusion (S. 66/67)
"...As shown, it can be seen that most of the energy of the MF is concentrated in its fundamental frequency (60Hz), and some distributed among its odd harmonic frequencies. In other words, most energy of the sinusoidal MF is distributed in the lower frequency band. ......
As mentioned in the introduction, the motion of ions of plants is not only affected by the magnetic intensities but also the frequency. Following this viewpoint, there should exist many natural frequencies of the cells in all kinds of plants, which are dependent on the cell elements, structures, components, alignment, etc. Each cell is capable of “resonating” to an external source of frequencies in the same manner as a guitar string beginning to vibrate when exposed to the standard pitch of the correct tuning fork (Lakhovsky, 1963; Brown, 1989).
Therefore, as the frequency of the applied magnetic field approaches the natural frequency of the plant, some sort of excitation occurs and the original cellular motion is changed.
Since there is more than one natural frequency in the plant and there exist different distributions of the natural frequencies with regard to different kinds of plant, the effects of the ELF MF on plant growth is complicated to predict.
Nevertheless, this study provides an experimental method to figure out the biological effects.
The enhanced growth of mung beans exposed to the 60Hz sinusoidal MF might result from the fact that 60Hz is close to the natural frequency of mung beans, thus exciting the motion of the Ca++ ions within mung beans. It was also presumed that the broad band frequency spectrum of the pulsed MF causes more than one excitation force that turn out to be disturbances. In fact, the kinetic energy of the cellular response to ELF MF exposure can be theoretically calculated, but more work needs to be done to understand the disturbances caused by other ions.
In conclusion we observed that the sinusoidal and pulsed MFs affect the plant growth in different ways (with respect to different kinds of plant). Generally speaking, the 60Hz sinusoidal ELF MF has an apparent enhancing effect on mung bean growth but with the occurrence of some morbid state phenomena. In contrast, the 60Hz pulsed MF inhibits growth. From the results obtained in this experiment, it can be understood that the pulsed MF harms plant growth rather than enhancing growth as the sinusoidal MF does. This may imply that this kind of MF is detrimental to health."
http://www.sciencepub.net/nature/0501/0 ... ung-ns.pdf
Hier eine Übersetzung der wichtigsten Aspekte:
Die Ionen in einer Pflanze reagieren auf äußere Frequenzen (nicht nur auf magnetische Intensitäten). Daraus ist zu schließen, dass viele natürliche Frequenzen ausgehend von pflanzliche Zellen in allen Arten von Pflanzen existieren, das hängt von Zell-Elementen, von Zell-Strukturen, von ihren Komponenten, von ihrer Anordung etc. ab.
...
Wenn da aber mehr als eine natürliche Frequenz in der Pflanze ist und es existieren verschiedene Arten von natürlichen Frequenzen bezügl. verschiedener Pflanzentypen, so sind die Effekte von ELF MF auf das Pflanzenwachstum schwer voraus zu sagen.
...
Im Allgemeinen hat das sinusförmige 60 Hz-ELF MF offenbar einen erhöhten Effekt auf das Mungbohnenwachstum (Anregung der Ca++-Ionen), aber mit Auftreten von einigen krankhaften Zustandsphänomenen.
Das 60 Hz-gepulste MF unterdrückte das Wachstum. Es wurde auch angenommen, dass das breite Band-Frequenzspektrum des pulsierten MF mehr als eine "Anregung" (von verschiedenen Ionen) verursachte, die "Störungen" (in der Pflanze) hervorriefen.
Ein 60 Hz gepulstes Magnetfeld dagegen verhinderte das Wachstum.
Subjektives Fazit: Die Frequenz scheint einen hohen Einfluss auf das Pflanzenwachstum zu haben.
The Effects of 60Hz Magnetic Fields on Plant Growth
Hsin-Hsiung Huang and Show-Ran Wang
Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, R.O.C.
Nature and Science 2007.
Discussion and Conclusion (S. 66/67)
"...As shown, it can be seen that most of the energy of the MF is concentrated in its fundamental frequency (60Hz), and some distributed among its odd harmonic frequencies. In other words, most energy of the sinusoidal MF is distributed in the lower frequency band. ......
As mentioned in the introduction, the motion of ions of plants is not only affected by the magnetic intensities but also the frequency. Following this viewpoint, there should exist many natural frequencies of the cells in all kinds of plants, which are dependent on the cell elements, structures, components, alignment, etc. Each cell is capable of “resonating” to an external source of frequencies in the same manner as a guitar string beginning to vibrate when exposed to the standard pitch of the correct tuning fork (Lakhovsky, 1963; Brown, 1989).
Therefore, as the frequency of the applied magnetic field approaches the natural frequency of the plant, some sort of excitation occurs and the original cellular motion is changed.
Since there is more than one natural frequency in the plant and there exist different distributions of the natural frequencies with regard to different kinds of plant, the effects of the ELF MF on plant growth is complicated to predict.
Nevertheless, this study provides an experimental method to figure out the biological effects.
The enhanced growth of mung beans exposed to the 60Hz sinusoidal MF might result from the fact that 60Hz is close to the natural frequency of mung beans, thus exciting the motion of the Ca++ ions within mung beans. It was also presumed that the broad band frequency spectrum of the pulsed MF causes more than one excitation force that turn out to be disturbances. In fact, the kinetic energy of the cellular response to ELF MF exposure can be theoretically calculated, but more work needs to be done to understand the disturbances caused by other ions.
In conclusion we observed that the sinusoidal and pulsed MFs affect the plant growth in different ways (with respect to different kinds of plant). Generally speaking, the 60Hz sinusoidal ELF MF has an apparent enhancing effect on mung bean growth but with the occurrence of some morbid state phenomena. In contrast, the 60Hz pulsed MF inhibits growth. From the results obtained in this experiment, it can be understood that the pulsed MF harms plant growth rather than enhancing growth as the sinusoidal MF does. This may imply that this kind of MF is detrimental to health."
http://www.sciencepub.net/nature/0501/0 ... ung-ns.pdf
Hier eine Übersetzung der wichtigsten Aspekte:
Die Ionen in einer Pflanze reagieren auf äußere Frequenzen (nicht nur auf magnetische Intensitäten). Daraus ist zu schließen, dass viele natürliche Frequenzen ausgehend von pflanzliche Zellen in allen Arten von Pflanzen existieren, das hängt von Zell-Elementen, von Zell-Strukturen, von ihren Komponenten, von ihrer Anordung etc. ab.
...
Wenn da aber mehr als eine natürliche Frequenz in der Pflanze ist und es existieren verschiedene Arten von natürlichen Frequenzen bezügl. verschiedener Pflanzentypen, so sind die Effekte von ELF MF auf das Pflanzenwachstum schwer voraus zu sagen.
...
Im Allgemeinen hat das sinusförmige 60 Hz-ELF MF offenbar einen erhöhten Effekt auf das Mungbohnenwachstum (Anregung der Ca++-Ionen), aber mit Auftreten von einigen krankhaften Zustandsphänomenen.
Das 60 Hz-gepulste MF unterdrückte das Wachstum. Es wurde auch angenommen, dass das breite Band-Frequenzspektrum des pulsierten MF mehr als eine "Anregung" (von verschiedenen Ionen) verursachte, die "Störungen" (in der Pflanze) hervorriefen.
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Handymania
EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON SOME INDIGENOUS PLANTS
Pak. J. Bot., 44(5): 1733-1739, 2012.
EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON SOME INDIGENOUS PLANT
SPECIES–III. CAPPARACEAE AND CHENOPODIACEAE
SAHAR ZAIDI1*, SURAYYA KHATOON2 AND S. SHAHID SHAUKAT3
1Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi. Pakistan,
2Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
3Department of Environmental Science, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
Abstract
To investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields of high tension wires 30 specimens of 11 species in two angiosperm families, Capparaceae and Chenopodiaceae were examined. The plants were collected under high tension wires of 132 kV, 220 kV and 500 kV within an area of about 10 meter. The same species as control specimens were also collected from areas free from electromagnetic fields. The plants were studied for PMC meiosis, meiotic products and pollen fertility. It is shown that with the increase in voltages of high tension wires, strength of magnetic field increases with increased meiotic abnormalities and pollen sterility. Significantly higher percentages of meiotic abnormalities were observed during PMC meiosis, such as stickiness, pairing disturbances, precocity, laggards, bridges and multipolar divisions etc. The differences of
these abnormalities are found to be significantly different in test plants (exposed to EMFs) as compared to their respective controls (not exposed to EMFs). The study of meiotic products showed abnormal products in some cases; similarly pollen fertility showed comparatively higher percentages of sterile pollen grains in test plants in comparison with control plants.
The pollen sterility of test plants is also significantly higher than control plants.
.....
Weiterlesen:
http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/44%285%29/37.pdf
Aus derselben Studie zitiert (1736):
"On the basis of above results it may be concluded
that in some cases, during the meiotic process above
mentioned chromosomal aberrations ultimately result in
the formation of abnormal meiotic products (diploid
pollens and non reduced gametes), which give rise to
polyploids. These chromosomal aberrations can pass to
next generations and may result in the formation of
abnormal generations which may be sterile.
Since EMFs affects the plants, they may also affect
other living organisms found or living in the close vicinity
of these high tension lines including human beings.
Therefore a detailed investigation should be carried out,
including human beings."
Fettdruck Handymania.
EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON SOME INDIGENOUS PLANT
SPECIES–III. CAPPARACEAE AND CHENOPODIACEAE
SAHAR ZAIDI1*, SURAYYA KHATOON2 AND S. SHAHID SHAUKAT3
1Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi. Pakistan,
2Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
3Department of Environmental Science, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
Abstract
To investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields of high tension wires 30 specimens of 11 species in two angiosperm families, Capparaceae and Chenopodiaceae were examined. The plants were collected under high tension wires of 132 kV, 220 kV and 500 kV within an area of about 10 meter. The same species as control specimens were also collected from areas free from electromagnetic fields. The plants were studied for PMC meiosis, meiotic products and pollen fertility. It is shown that with the increase in voltages of high tension wires, strength of magnetic field increases with increased meiotic abnormalities and pollen sterility. Significantly higher percentages of meiotic abnormalities were observed during PMC meiosis, such as stickiness, pairing disturbances, precocity, laggards, bridges and multipolar divisions etc. The differences of
these abnormalities are found to be significantly different in test plants (exposed to EMFs) as compared to their respective controls (not exposed to EMFs). The study of meiotic products showed abnormal products in some cases; similarly pollen fertility showed comparatively higher percentages of sterile pollen grains in test plants in comparison with control plants.
The pollen sterility of test plants is also significantly higher than control plants.
.....
Weiterlesen:
http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/44%285%29/37.pdf
Aus derselben Studie zitiert (1736):
"On the basis of above results it may be concluded
that in some cases, during the meiotic process above
mentioned chromosomal aberrations ultimately result in
the formation of abnormal meiotic products (diploid
pollens and non reduced gametes), which give rise to
polyploids. These chromosomal aberrations can pass to
next generations and may result in the formation of
abnormal generations which may be sterile.
Since EMFs affects the plants, they may also affect
other living organisms found or living in the close vicinity
of these high tension lines including human beings.
Therefore a detailed investigation should be carried out,
including human beings."
Fettdruck Handymania.
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Handymania
Cellphones ring in death knell for plants: Study
Prashant Rupera, TNN Oct 7, 2012, 11.05PM IST
VADODARA: Even as Union government has rolled out new norms to reduce impact of cellphone radiation on people, a new study has revealed that the increasing electromagnetic wave energy (EMWE) pollution is adversely impacting even plant issues.
EMWE pollution is caused due to mobile towers, power plants, high voltage towers and diagnostic tools which use electromagnetic waves of different frequencies in radio wave spectrum.
A group of scientists of Gujarat after studying the impact of EMWE on tulsi and spinach have concluded that the electromagnetic waves leave behind harmful effect even on plants.
The scientists selected the two types of plants and raised them by providing nutrients, water and temperature under laboratory conditions. These plants were exposed by EMWE of frequency 900 Mega hertz and field strength 1.9 milli tesla for 72 hours.
The scientists carried out both physiological and biochemical analysis of these plants.
They noticed that morphological changes like decrease in growth rate in terms of height, number of branches and leaves is seen in such plants. Their leaf size gets decreased, leaves become more brittle and they fell off early.
"The biochemical tests indicated that after exposure there is a decrease in assimilatory pigments like chlorophylls and anthocyanins which shows decrease in photosynthetic rate in plants. At the same time, the carotenoid pigment content increased which resulted in the aging effect," director of Junagadh-based Noble Group of Institutions Ved Vyas Dwivedi said.
Dwivedi carried out the research along with Chandni Upadhyaya, lecturer at Anand-based P M Patel Institute of Biotechnology and Trushit Upadhyaya, assistant professor at Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) at Changa.
"At the same time, carbohydrates like starch and cellulose which are the main constituents of leaf cell wall decrease upon long term exposure. Sugar and water content also got decreased," said Dwivedi.
Shockingly, in tulsi, which is a medicinal plant, its anti-microbial activity reduced after the plant was exposed to electromagnetic waves.
Protein content of electromagnetically exposed and unexposed plants was analyzed by the scientists and comparative study indicated difference in protein profiling of the exposed plants. "Protein content of those plants which were exposed to radiation had fallen drastically compared to those plant which were grown naturally," added Dwivedi.
According to the scientists, cellular service providers and operators have specified limits by defining their Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for human bodies but they have nothing specified for the plants.
"If plants and trees are not taken care of, then it would be unrealistic to think of green world in a few years," they say.
The scientists now plan to submit their work and results to Gujarat Council on Science and Technology, Gandhinagar so that a mass scale awareness campaign can be taken up.
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes ... romagnetic
VADODARA: Even as Union government has rolled out new norms to reduce impact of cellphone radiation on people, a new study has revealed that the increasing electromagnetic wave energy (EMWE) pollution is adversely impacting even plant issues.
EMWE pollution is caused due to mobile towers, power plants, high voltage towers and diagnostic tools which use electromagnetic waves of different frequencies in radio wave spectrum.
A group of scientists of Gujarat after studying the impact of EMWE on tulsi and spinach have concluded that the electromagnetic waves leave behind harmful effect even on plants.
The scientists selected the two types of plants and raised them by providing nutrients, water and temperature under laboratory conditions. These plants were exposed by EMWE of frequency 900 Mega hertz and field strength 1.9 milli tesla for 72 hours.
The scientists carried out both physiological and biochemical analysis of these plants.
They noticed that morphological changes like decrease in growth rate in terms of height, number of branches and leaves is seen in such plants. Their leaf size gets decreased, leaves become more brittle and they fell off early.
"The biochemical tests indicated that after exposure there is a decrease in assimilatory pigments like chlorophylls and anthocyanins which shows decrease in photosynthetic rate in plants. At the same time, the carotenoid pigment content increased which resulted in the aging effect," director of Junagadh-based Noble Group of Institutions Ved Vyas Dwivedi said.
Dwivedi carried out the research along with Chandni Upadhyaya, lecturer at Anand-based P M Patel Institute of Biotechnology and Trushit Upadhyaya, assistant professor at Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) at Changa.
"At the same time, carbohydrates like starch and cellulose which are the main constituents of leaf cell wall decrease upon long term exposure. Sugar and water content also got decreased," said Dwivedi.
Shockingly, in tulsi, which is a medicinal plant, its anti-microbial activity reduced after the plant was exposed to electromagnetic waves.
Protein content of electromagnetically exposed and unexposed plants was analyzed by the scientists and comparative study indicated difference in protein profiling of the exposed plants. "Protein content of those plants which were exposed to radiation had fallen drastically compared to those plant which were grown naturally," added Dwivedi.
According to the scientists, cellular service providers and operators have specified limits by defining their Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for human bodies but they have nothing specified for the plants.
"If plants and trees are not taken care of, then it would be unrealistic to think of green world in a few years," they say.
The scientists now plan to submit their work and results to Gujarat Council on Science and Technology, Gandhinagar so that a mass scale awareness campaign can be taken up.
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes ... romagnetic
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Handymania
Buch: Electromagnetic Fields And Their Effects On Plants
Electromagnetic Fields And Their Effects On Plants
PMC meiosis, meiotic products, pollen sterility, Leaf anatomy and morphology
LAP Lambert Academic Publishing ( 2012-05-09 )
The present work is the first large-scale study of the in situ effects of high-tension power transmission lines on the natural flora species. The study focused on pollen mother cell meiosis, meiotic product, pollen fertility, and leaf anatomy. The test specimens showed significantly higher percentages of meiotic abnormalities. The mean meiotic abnormalities and mean percentages of sterile pollen grains showed strong positive correlation with the increase in voltage, but not with the strength of magnetic field. The leaf anatomy showed rather inconsistent results; however in majority of test specimens, wider vessels and thicker leaves were detected, suggesting a positive effect of high-tension lines. This in situ study has revealed that the genotoxic effects associated with high-tension transmission lines are not solely due to the EMF, but other factors associated with these lines like Ozone, NO,NO2 and UV radiation may in fact be more responsible. The high rates of meiotic abnormalities and pollen sterility due to genotoxic effects of high-tension lines indicate the risks not only to plant species in the natural and semi natural ecosystems; but other organisms are also at risk.
By (author) :
Sahar Zaidi
Surayya Khatoon
Number of pages:
196
Published on:
2012-05-09
Category:
Botany
https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/ ... -on-plants
PMC meiosis, meiotic products, pollen sterility, Leaf anatomy and morphology
LAP Lambert Academic Publishing ( 2012-05-09 )
The present work is the first large-scale study of the in situ effects of high-tension power transmission lines on the natural flora species. The study focused on pollen mother cell meiosis, meiotic product, pollen fertility, and leaf anatomy. The test specimens showed significantly higher percentages of meiotic abnormalities. The mean meiotic abnormalities and mean percentages of sterile pollen grains showed strong positive correlation with the increase in voltage, but not with the strength of magnetic field. The leaf anatomy showed rather inconsistent results; however in majority of test specimens, wider vessels and thicker leaves were detected, suggesting a positive effect of high-tension lines. This in situ study has revealed that the genotoxic effects associated with high-tension transmission lines are not solely due to the EMF, but other factors associated with these lines like Ozone, NO,NO2 and UV radiation may in fact be more responsible. The high rates of meiotic abnormalities and pollen sterility due to genotoxic effects of high-tension lines indicate the risks not only to plant species in the natural and semi natural ecosystems; but other organisms are also at risk.
By (author) :
Sahar Zaidi
Surayya Khatoon
Number of pages:
196
Published on:
2012-05-09
Category:
Botany
https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/ ... -on-plants
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Handymania
Effects of electromagnetic field radiation
Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 2 (4), 509 - 516. 2012.
Effects of electromagnetic field radiation on inducing physiological and biochemical changes in Satureja bachtiarica L..
Fariba Ramezani Vishki, Ahmad Majd, Taher Nejadsattari and Sedighe Arbabian
1. Department of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2. Department of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North branch, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
As organisms exposed to various abiotic and biotic environmental impacts, plants are able to recognize and respond to their surrounding environment with high specificity. Electromagnetic field radiation is an important effective stress factor on growth and development of plants. Our research focused on plants grown from wet pretreated seeds with low frequency electromagnetic field exposure comparing them with the control. Three replicates were used in the experiment with 30 seeds in each sample. The treatment wet seeds, were spread on the moist filter paper in Petri dishes before they were placed between parallel coils of electromagnetic radiation generator and were exposed by a magnitude of 1mT, for 2hr. Control seeds were placed between coils under similar conditions but not connected to the power. Morphological comparison of the treated and control samples showed that the percentage of seed germination and average root length of the treatment plants increased, but the difference in root length was not significant. A significant decrease in the mean shoot length, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight was observed. Also, electromagnetic radiation exposure caused significant decrease in the rate of Chlorophylla and chlorophyll b. However, carotenoid and activity of non-enzymatic antioxidant content in treatment samples significantly increased in comparison with control plants.
http://ijpp.iau-saveh.ac.ir/Files/Journ ... babian.pdf
Effects of electromagnetic field radiation on inducing physiological and biochemical changes in Satureja bachtiarica L..
Fariba Ramezani Vishki, Ahmad Majd, Taher Nejadsattari and Sedighe Arbabian
1. Department of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2. Department of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North branch, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
As organisms exposed to various abiotic and biotic environmental impacts, plants are able to recognize and respond to their surrounding environment with high specificity. Electromagnetic field radiation is an important effective stress factor on growth and development of plants. Our research focused on plants grown from wet pretreated seeds with low frequency electromagnetic field exposure comparing them with the control. Three replicates were used in the experiment with 30 seeds in each sample. The treatment wet seeds, were spread on the moist filter paper in Petri dishes before they were placed between parallel coils of electromagnetic radiation generator and were exposed by a magnitude of 1mT, for 2hr. Control seeds were placed between coils under similar conditions but not connected to the power. Morphological comparison of the treated and control samples showed that the percentage of seed germination and average root length of the treatment plants increased, but the difference in root length was not significant. A significant decrease in the mean shoot length, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight was observed. Also, electromagnetic radiation exposure caused significant decrease in the rate of Chlorophylla and chlorophyll b. However, carotenoid and activity of non-enzymatic antioxidant content in treatment samples significantly increased in comparison with control plants.
http://ijpp.iau-saveh.ac.ir/Files/Journ ... babian.pdf
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Handymania
Agro-Ecosystems under high voltage-power lines
Agro-Ecosystems under high voltage-power lines
2009
T. Galjona coghill et al.
Megatrend University Of Applied Science, Belgrad.
Unter Berücksichtigung von Mikroorganismen, wobei Hochspannungsleitungen auf diese als Stressoren wirken.
http://www.srcosmos.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx?aa=12618
2009
T. Galjona coghill et al.
Megatrend University Of Applied Science, Belgrad.
Unter Berücksichtigung von Mikroorganismen, wobei Hochspannungsleitungen auf diese als Stressoren wirken.
http://www.srcosmos.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx?aa=12618
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Handymania
The "right" Trees under and near power lines
Hier gibt´s Tipps für die richtige Unterpflanzung von Stromleitungen....Unglaublich!
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/treesandpowerlines/
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/treesandpowerlines/
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Handymania
Verschiedenes
Endogenous Electromagnetic Fields in Plant Leaves: A New Hypothesis for Vascular Pattern Formation
Electromagnetic (EM) phenomena have long been implicated in biological development, but few detailed, practical mechanisms have been put forth to connect electromagnetism with morphogenetic processes. This work describes a new hypothesis for plant leaf veination, whereby an endogenous electric field forming as a result of a coherent Frohlich process, and corresponding to an EM resonant mode of the developing leaf structure, is capable of instigating leaf vascularisation.
http://www.omecha.org/sites/default/fil ... c%2015.pdf
Exkurs: Wheeled Plant Defends Itself by Rolling Away from Humans
…a signal amplifier reads the differences in the electromagnetic field around the plant to determine when it is being touched.
...
http://ivanhenriques.com/2011/06/02/jur ... ion-plant/
Tree Antennas 1919
General George O. Squier
...
It is not a joke nor a scientific curiosity, this strange discovery of Gen. George O. Squire, Chief Signal Officer, that trees --- all trees, of all kinds and all heights, growing anywhere --- are nature's own wireless towers and antenna combined.
...
http://www.rexresearch.com/squier/squier.htm
Electromagnetic (EM) phenomena have long been implicated in biological development, but few detailed, practical mechanisms have been put forth to connect electromagnetism with morphogenetic processes. This work describes a new hypothesis for plant leaf veination, whereby an endogenous electric field forming as a result of a coherent Frohlich process, and corresponding to an EM resonant mode of the developing leaf structure, is capable of instigating leaf vascularisation.
http://www.omecha.org/sites/default/fil ... c%2015.pdf
Exkurs: Wheeled Plant Defends Itself by Rolling Away from Humans
…a signal amplifier reads the differences in the electromagnetic field around the plant to determine when it is being touched.
...
http://ivanhenriques.com/2011/06/02/jur ... ion-plant/
Tree Antennas 1919
General George O. Squier
...
It is not a joke nor a scientific curiosity, this strange discovery of Gen. George O. Squire, Chief Signal Officer, that trees --- all trees, of all kinds and all heights, growing anywhere --- are nature's own wireless towers and antenna combined.
...
http://www.rexresearch.com/squier/squier.htm
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Handymania
Irgendwann ist auch bei Pflanzen durch EMF-Dauerbeschuss das Maß an antioxidativer Verteidigung erreicht.
Bsp. bezugnehmend auf Hochspannungsleitungen und Pflanzen:
...
After contamination with electromagnetic fields, pollen grains become abnormal, also degeneration and fragiled of exine surface.
....
If a plant grows in the high voltage transmission lines, its physiologic function may change such as: high frequency of chromosomal abnormality, increase in the frequency of the nonviable pollen grains, increase in the stem length, decrease the number of grains in the spike, increase in the total chlorophyll content and the total carbohydrate in the grains, decrease the amound of protein in grains.
...
From the present work, it is concluded that growing plants under high voltage transmission lines change their growth characteristics and also decreases plant yield. Therefore, the electromagnetic field is considered pollutant to the environmental. Hence, it is recommended to insert such
transmission lines under the ground to minimize their hazardous effects.
Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Structure and Pollen Grains Development in Chenopodium album L.
Leila Amjad, and Mahsa Shafighi, 2010.
https://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v46/v46-164.pdf
Man weiss noch viel zu wenig über EMF-Effekte auf Pflanzen. Im Grunde ist das besorgniserregend. Bsp. für extrem-schwache Felder:
...
Magnetic fields affect the synthesis of DNA and RNA as well as the cellular proliferation. EMFs in both extremely low frequency (ELF) and radio frequency (RF) ranges activate the cellular stress response, a protective mechanism that induces the expression of stress response genes (Ruediger, 2009). A potential link between EMFs and its effects on living organisms is the fact that EMFs cause an oxidative stress that is, increase in the activity, concentration and lifetime of free radicals (Sen Gupta et al., 1993; Holaday and Allen, 1993; Tkalec et al., 2005). Consequently, EMFs alters gene expression, protein biosynthesis, enzyme activity, cell reproduction and cellular metabolism (Nirmala and Rao, 1996).
EMFs cytological effects include changing the mitosis control mechanisms, increase in the percentages of chromosomal aberrations such as stickiness, bridges and fragments, lagging and disorganized chromosomes
(Smith and Mays, 1984).
...
It is assumed that 50/60-Hz EMFs do not transfer sufficient amounts of energy to cells in order to damage DNA directly conducting to genotoxic effects (Sander et al., 1982). However, certain cellular processes altered by exposure to EMF, such as the generation of free radicals, affect the structure of DNA resulting strand breaks and other chromosomal aberrations, or leading to cytotoxic effects inducing cell death (Piacentini et al., 2001).
Genotoxic effects after EMF exposure, such as micronucleus formation (Hanafy et al., 2006), chromosomal aberration and chromatid breaks have been reported by different investigators (Ruediger, 2009; Nirmala and Rao, 1996). The bridges would lead to gene duplication at one pole and deletion at the other pole, while laggards may be distributed randomly to either pole producing monosomic or trisomic cells (Galland and Pazur, 2005). Different chromo-somal aberrations, such as laggard chromosome and micronuclei may lead to a loss of some genetic material (Hanafy et al., 2006).
...
All results suggested that maize plants pretreated with 3 and 10 mT for 4 h exposure time showed less growth than control plants. Cytogenetic
studies indicated that 3 mT for 4 h exposure time treatment induced the mean value of genetic recombination (P<0.05).
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on growth, cytogenetic, protein content and antioxidant system of Zea mays L.
Azita Shabrangi, Ahmad Majd and Masoud Sheidai, 2011.
http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb/PDF ... t%20al.pdf
Bsp. bezugnehmend auf Hochspannungsleitungen und Pflanzen:
...
After contamination with electromagnetic fields, pollen grains become abnormal, also degeneration and fragiled of exine surface.
....
If a plant grows in the high voltage transmission lines, its physiologic function may change such as: high frequency of chromosomal abnormality, increase in the frequency of the nonviable pollen grains, increase in the stem length, decrease the number of grains in the spike, increase in the total chlorophyll content and the total carbohydrate in the grains, decrease the amound of protein in grains.
...
From the present work, it is concluded that growing plants under high voltage transmission lines change their growth characteristics and also decreases plant yield. Therefore, the electromagnetic field is considered pollutant to the environmental. Hence, it is recommended to insert such
transmission lines under the ground to minimize their hazardous effects.
Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Structure and Pollen Grains Development in Chenopodium album L.
Leila Amjad, and Mahsa Shafighi, 2010.
https://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v46/v46-164.pdf
Man weiss noch viel zu wenig über EMF-Effekte auf Pflanzen. Im Grunde ist das besorgniserregend. Bsp. für extrem-schwache Felder:
...
Magnetic fields affect the synthesis of DNA and RNA as well as the cellular proliferation. EMFs in both extremely low frequency (ELF) and radio frequency (RF) ranges activate the cellular stress response, a protective mechanism that induces the expression of stress response genes (Ruediger, 2009). A potential link between EMFs and its effects on living organisms is the fact that EMFs cause an oxidative stress that is, increase in the activity, concentration and lifetime of free radicals (Sen Gupta et al., 1993; Holaday and Allen, 1993; Tkalec et al., 2005). Consequently, EMFs alters gene expression, protein biosynthesis, enzyme activity, cell reproduction and cellular metabolism (Nirmala and Rao, 1996).
EMFs cytological effects include changing the mitosis control mechanisms, increase in the percentages of chromosomal aberrations such as stickiness, bridges and fragments, lagging and disorganized chromosomes
(Smith and Mays, 1984).
...
It is assumed that 50/60-Hz EMFs do not transfer sufficient amounts of energy to cells in order to damage DNA directly conducting to genotoxic effects (Sander et al., 1982). However, certain cellular processes altered by exposure to EMF, such as the generation of free radicals, affect the structure of DNA resulting strand breaks and other chromosomal aberrations, or leading to cytotoxic effects inducing cell death (Piacentini et al., 2001).
Genotoxic effects after EMF exposure, such as micronucleus formation (Hanafy et al., 2006), chromosomal aberration and chromatid breaks have been reported by different investigators (Ruediger, 2009; Nirmala and Rao, 1996). The bridges would lead to gene duplication at one pole and deletion at the other pole, while laggards may be distributed randomly to either pole producing monosomic or trisomic cells (Galland and Pazur, 2005). Different chromo-somal aberrations, such as laggard chromosome and micronuclei may lead to a loss of some genetic material (Hanafy et al., 2006).
...
All results suggested that maize plants pretreated with 3 and 10 mT for 4 h exposure time showed less growth than control plants. Cytogenetic
studies indicated that 3 mT for 4 h exposure time treatment induced the mean value of genetic recombination (P<0.05).
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on growth, cytogenetic, protein content and antioxidant system of Zea mays L.
Azita Shabrangi, Ahmad Majd and Masoud Sheidai, 2011.
http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb/PDF ... t%20al.pdf